Food in Afghanistan :: essays research papers

Food in diametric countries can be very interesting. There are many different practices and preparations for different styles of food. In Afghanistan, everything is repaired by the woman. This is due to the fact that in their country, women are of a lesser value then men. This is all changing as the country is world reborn after that unfortunate incident involving Asamu Bin Laden. In Afghanistan, Afghans are under Islamic laws and controlled in all aspects of life. Most of them are divided into clans and groups who maintain centuries-old customs and religious practices. For Afghans, Shab-Barat is a time for them to give bread and sweets, such as Halvah, to the poor. They do this to honor their god Allah. Also, they light off fireworks in his name. before sitting down and enjoying a meal in Afghanistan, you may find yourself preying to their god and thanking them for your meal, relative to what most families do here in America. So removed that I have read, Afghans usually use th eir fingers or some sort of sharp object to pick up their food and eat it. I crawl in it sounds barbaric, but I can see how it would be hard to be civilized in that country. Being under the rule that they were and then being bombed. purport in Afghanistan must be low quality as of now. Afghanistan lately has been trying to establish a government and fix their broken culture which postulate heavy mending.Afghan Chicken RecipeAmountMeasurementIngredientPreparation Method2largecloves garlic1/2teaspoonsalt2cupsplain whole-milk yogurt4tablespoonsjuice and pulp of 1 large lemon1/2teaspooncracked down in the mouth pepper2largewhole chicken breastsabout 2 poundsLong, slow marinating in garlicky yogurt tenderizes, moistens and adds deep flavor, so you end up with skinless grilled chicken thats as delicious as it is nutritionally correct. Serve with soft pita or Arab flatbread and fresh yogurt. Put the salt in a wide, shallow non-reactive bowl with the garlic and mash them together until you have paste. Add yogurt, lemon and pepper. Skin the chicken breasts, remove all visible fat and associate the halves. Bend each backward to break the bones so the pieces win lie flat.

T.S. Eliots The Wasteland Essay -- Eliot Wasteland Survival Essays

T.S. Eliots The muck uplandCooperation is the key to human survival, and over time humans have been cognise to group together to survive. This strategy has allowed humans to develop massive cities and countries of immense power. Without the natural instinct to cling to one and only(a) another, humans would not be as advanced as they are today, and may not have even made it out of the caves. Many authors display our natural instinct to second in their works, allowing the characters to become more real to the readers.T.S Eliots The Wasteland displays our natural instinct to cooperate with each other as a key to our survival. As we fight down to survive when our world begins to fall apart, our basic instinct to cooperate with each other kicks in and we cling to each other for comfort. This concept is brought up in Chinua Achebes novel Things Fall Apart. And again W.B. Yeatss says in one of his poems, Things fall apart the center cannot hold. In either case the concept of clinging to one another and cooperating when things fall apart is displayed as a basic instinct that is the key to our success as humans.The Wasteland describes how humans cling together as the world falls apart by depicting a world from a much different point of view then we are utilize to. Instead of seeing the world in a positive view, Eliot depicts the world in despair. As this world falls apart, humans cling together and cooperate to get through the bad times. Lines 139-172 depict a scene in a pub that illustrates how we cling to one another even though we may not be supportive of each other. In this scene, Albert tells his wife how he thinks she is ugly and cant fulfill what he desires of her. As he goes on, she makes excuses intimately why she is ugly and cant... ...Org Public Affairs on the Web. 13 Dec. 2000 24 Jan. 2001. http//www.c-span.org/campaign2000/bushspeech.asp.Brooks, David. Bobos in Paradise The New Upper Class and How They Got There. New York Simon, 2000. Eliot, T.S. The Waste Land, Prufrock and Other Poems. New York Dover, 1998. Gore, Albert Jr., Concession lyric. C-Span.Org Public Affairs on the Web. 13 Dec. 2000 24 Jan. 2001. http//www.c-span.org/campaign2000/gorespeech.asp.Jin, Ha. Waiting. New York Vintage, 2000. Maddy, Yulisa Amadu. No Past No Present No Future. Portsmouth, NH Heinemann-Reed, 1996.Tanksley, Charlie. Speech on the Proposed New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001.< http//www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/tankspeech.html.Taylor, Mark. Remarks on the New Flag. Ajc.com. 30 Jan. 2001. http//www.accessatlanta.com/partners/ajc/flag/taylor0130.html.

Essays --

When most people think of dairy animals they immediately think of a alarm because thats what they argon taught growing up. More recently dairy goats operations have become more and more popular because of this dairy goat products will continue to be product in demand. In 2013 there were three hundred sixty thousand drawing goats with Wisconsin being number one with forty six thousand milking goats . In the United States cows milk is most commonly consumed milk but worldwide its goats milk that is most widely consumed. draw overall is known as a natural source of nutrients, goats milk is a popular alternate to cows milk with it being easier to digest. general goats atomic number 18 much more efficient than dairy cattle. They produce more for their personify size, the cost to raise them is much cheaper, and the components in goats milk be on a much higher scale than any dairy cattle. Goats are a small statured animal than a cow they are about one sixth the size of a matur e cow . Goats also have a longer production span than a cow they can produce for about eight to ten years, where as a cows average is only four to six years . On a daily basis goats milk up to nine pounds a day, for their body size they are they are producing seven percent of their own body metric weight unit a day. Comparing that average for a goat to a dairy cow that weighs about fourteen hundred pounds and produces eighty pounds a day that agent cows are only producing four point four percent of their body weight. Since dairy goats are smaller they dont need as much pabulum as a dairy cow does to produce milk.For their body size, goats are slightly more efficient than cows it takes less feed for a dairy goat to produce a gallon of milk than for a cow to produce a gallon . F... ...in B which helps with the nervous dodge control and is also high in riboflavin which affects growth. There are many reasons people choose to raise dairy goats. Goats may be smaller than cows bu t they can out shine a dairy cow any day. Goats have many positive aspects to them that many people may not know about. Even though goats are only one sixth the size of a dairy cow they produce more for their body size than any dairy cow. Since goats are smaller that means they will eat substantially less than a dairy cow does. If someone is looking milk just for a family a goat would be a better choice because of the fact that cows will produce way more milk than one family can consume. Also there are many health reasons goats milk is better for a human than cows milk. Goats are a blooming industry and many farmers are realizing that there is more money in raising them.

Civilization Paper -- essays research papers

Civilization is a term used in many different ways. It canbe defined as people who eat the comparable kind of foods,People who live unitedly, people who speak the homogeneouslanguage, and so on. Yet each way that it is defined relatestowards the same topic Humans and their existence on theplanet. Civilization is known greatly as a group of humans oranimals that live generally together and practice the samehabits.Civilization, according to some historians, first came intoplay in the year 3000 BCE. These historians look atcivilization as people who have the same dietary needs andhabits, who practice these habits regularly in order tosurvive. A couple of years before 3000 BCE, the worldwent through what historians call the Agricultural revolution.They encounter that because of this revolution, groups of peoplestarted to come together to practice their realm ways.Because of all the new food supplies that came aboutthrough the agricultural revolution, the population started togrow i nto little villages, which at last turned into citystates. This caused people to look further beyond their littlevillages in search of more land to hold their growingpopulations. This caused groups of people to reveal off andform their own little towns or civilizations. After a while thepeople learned that by being in different places their farmingencountered different weather and growing conditions.Forcing them to grow products that will grow moresufficiently in their new conditions. Thi...

A South Korean Company that Operates in China Essay -- Asian Economics

A South Korean Company that Operates in ChinaThis report addresss the requirements at wad to select a South Korean company that has operations in ChinaExecutive SummaryIn 1992, Samsung Electronics adopted the form of a whole ownedsubsidiary as the entry mode into China. Its entry into China was inorder to maintain growth due to the tough rivalry in Korea. Chinawas selected in order to take advantage of its low wages for the massproduction of low to medium priced products. The initialmanufacturing ground was at Tianjin due to its costal location hencemaking it easy to export abroad and to major locations in China. Theoriginal revolve around of producing low cost products resulted in a cheapimage of Samsung in China and led to a loss of US$210,000 in 1998 forits Suzhou division. The 1997 Asian economic crisis led to Samsungshifting its focus towards higher quality products. Samsung realisedthey could not compete with the Chinese manufacturers in terms of lowpriced products. In orde r to remain competitive in China, Samsungshifted its selling strategy to one based on selection andconcentration. After 1997, the focus was on the 10 major cities inChina including Beijing, Tianjin, Suzhou, Shanghai and Guangzhou.Samsung came up with the 5% strategy, targeting their products atthe top 5% earners in China. The intensity of their Research &Development (R&D) in China grew with the expansion of their plant atSuzhou. Recently, on that point appears to be a shift in their operations fromthe Pearl River Delta to the Yangtze River Delta. This allows Samsungto take advantage of the better skilled personnel and infrastructureavailable for R&D. Samsung likewise set up a second Headquarters inBeijing which is responsible for marketing, personnel recruitment andfor shaping of Samsungs long term ambitions in China.IntroductionThe Samsung group has 116 subsidiaries in 67 countries and receivedsales revenue from local subsidiaries of US$29billion. Over the last 5years sales and interlock income have increased 1.6 times and 45 times,respectively. Sales in 2010 are anticipated to be 1.9 times that of2002, with pre-tax profits expected to increase 2.1 times. Samsung is a severely diversified company, and in order to bestdemonstrate its market entry to China, the report will look at theelectronics arm to demonstr... ...eman, E., 2003. Can the Pearl River Delta land still compete?, in The China Business Review, 30(3) 6-17, pages 53-63. Skopal, A. and C.J.Zhu, 2002. An evaluation of entry strategy development in China?, in The 4th International Symposium on Multinational Business Management Proceedings, Nanjing, China, May 19-21, pages 65-73 New York Times, 1991, (cited 9 May 2005) Korean Companies in China, late edition (East Coast), New York, pg. D20, Christian apprehension Monitor, 1992, (cited 9 May 2005) High-Tech Giant Gears for Future The president of Samsung Electronics Company, pre-1997 Full text, Boston, Mass, pg. NOPGCIT, Strategic Directi on, 1999, (cited 9 May 2005), Samsung Electronics play the China Card, Bradford Jul/Aug, Vol.15, Iss. 7, pg. 24 Sender H., 2003, (cited 9 May 2005) World Business (A Special Report) Back From the Brink Samsung Electronics got into trouble by being like many Asian firms It survived by being different, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), New York, Sep. 22, pg. R.5 Lee, B. J., 2004, (cited 9 May 2005) Gotta Be Chinese, Newsweek New York Jun 28, Vol. 143, Iss. 26, pg. E8

A South Korean Company that Operates in China Essay -- Asian Economics

A South Korean Company that Operates in mainland chinaThis underwrite addresss the requirements at hand to select a South Korean company that has operations in ChinaExecutive SummaryIn 1992, Samsung Electronics adopted the form of a wholly ownedsubsidiary as the entry mode into China. Its entry into China was in come out to carry on growth due to the tough competition in Korea. Chinawas selected in order to take advantage of its offset wages for the massproduction of low to medium priced products. The initialmanufacturing ground was at Tianjin due to its costal location hencemaking it easy to export abroad and to major(ip) locations in China. The accredited focus of producing low cost products resulted in a cheapimage of Samsung in China and led to a loss of US$210,000 in 1998 forits Suzhou division. The 1997 Asian economic crisis led to Samsungshifting its focus towards higher quality products. Samsung realisedthey could not compete with the Chinese manufacturers in terms of low priced products. In order to remain competitive in China, Samsungshifted its marketing strategy to one based on selection andconcentration. After 1997, the focus was on the 10 major cities inChina including Beijing, Tianjin, Suzhou, Shanghai and Guangzhou.Samsung came up with the 5% strategy, targeting their products atthe top 5% earners in China. The intensity of their Research &Development (R&D) in China grew with the expansion of their plant atSuzhou. Recently, there appears to be a shift in their operations fromthe Pearl River Delta to the Yangtze River Delta. This allows Samsungto take advantage of the better skilled personnel office and infrastructureavailable for R&D. Samsung also set up a second Headquarters inBeijing which is responsible for marketing, personnel recruitment andfor formation of Samsungs long term ambitions in China.IntroductionThe Samsung group has 116 subsidiaries in 67 countries and receivedsales revenue from local subsidiaries of US$29billion. Over the ultimately 5years sales and net income have increased 1.6 times and 45 times,respectively. Sales in 2010 are anticipated to be 1.9 times that of2002, with pre-tax bread expected to increase 2.1 times. Samsung is a heavily diversified company, and in order to bestdemonstrate its market entry to China, the report will look at theelectronics arm to demonstr... ...eman, E., 2003. Can the Pearl River Delta region still compete?, in The China Business Review, 30(3) 6-17, pages 53-63. Skopal, A. and C.J.Zhu, 2002. An evaluation of entry strategy development in China?, in The 4th International Symposium on Multinational Business Management Proceedings, Nanjing, China, whitethorn 19-21, pages 65-73 refreshing York Times, 1991, (cited 9 May 2005) Korean Companies in China, youthful edition (East Coast), New York, pg. D20, Christian Science Monitor, 1992, (cited 9 May 2005) High-Tech Giant Gears for Future The president of Samsung Electronics Company, pre-1997 Full text, Boston, Ma ss, pg. NOPGCIT, Strategic Direction, 1999, (cited 9 May 2005), Samsung Electronics play the China Card, Bradford Jul/Aug, Vol.15, Iss. 7, pg. 24 Sender H., 2003, (cited 9 May 2005) World Business (A Special Report) Back From the Brink Samsung Electronics got into trouble by beingness like many Asian firms It survived by being different, Wall Street Journal (Eastern Edition), New York, Sep. 22, pg. R.5 Lee, B. J., 2004, (cited 9 May 2005) Gotta Be Chinese, Newsweek New York Jun 28, Vol. 143, Iss. 26, pg. E8

Influence of Humanism and Renaissance Italian Art

During the Italian Renaissance , humanism played an important role ininfluencing the artist of that age in their word pictures and what they drew. The definition ofhumanism is the denial of any power or moral value superior to that of humanity therejection of religion in favor of a touch in the advancement of humanity by its ownefforts. This means that many of the philosophers, scientists, and artists of that timestarted to reject the ideas of the church. Previously almost all pictures had to do withreligion only this changed and is shown in two works in the Italian Renaissance. They areThe School of Athens, by Raphael, and in The Last Supper, by da Vinci da Vinci.Taking a starting signal glimpse of The School of Athens by Raphael, you will see that thereis humanism everywhere. You can tell that it was planned carefully, and portrayedsomething meaningful to the artist. In the painting The School of Athens you can noticean extremely dominant theme Humanism. The artist, Raphael, s hows a thirstandeagerness for knowledge that is displayed everywhere in the painting. This gives us aglimpse of what society was back in the Renaissance. Judging by the painting, it wasmainly revolving around education and advancement. In The School of Athens, Raphaelpaints people learning from, debating against and simply geld one another.Eachindividual illustrates a point about society in the Renaissance. Similar to the theme andthe setting of the painting, these interactions mostly have to do with knowledge andunderstanding, as the school would not be a place of social manners back then. Both thetheme of and people in the painting are include in the realism of a painting to show asociety, which is used effectively in The School of Athens by Raphael.In The Last Supper, by Leonardo da Vinci, Leonardo also uses humanismalthough it has to do somewhat with religion. In the painting, there is immense amountsof symmetry in this painting. This was important to humanism because everythi ng wassupposed to be balanced. Also mans perfection was a big part in the renaissance, and abody is symmetrical. So some symmetry in The Last Supper was, on both side of Jesuswas a group of six people, then in those groups of people each was split into two othergroups, all very plain and symmetrical. There was also four panels on each side of thewalls.Another characteristic of humanism art was real emotions. Every single person inthis painting( in addition Jesus, who was left out for obvious reasons) is not smiling. Theyare giving real emotions. Humanism art was all about emotions, and being real. All thepeople in the painting seem concerned or anxious, all real emotions, they are not justhappy all the time. Like what was stated before, artist of the time wanted to show howreal people in the paintings were. All the people have shaded in feature which give themthe look of real people.As you can see, by these two works and also by many others, there much muchhumanism involved. In a lmost every painting, the artists drew more life like pictures andpeople showing the expressions of their faces and the society they had lived in at thattime. You can see this in the two examples that I showed. Both of them had similaraspects because both had real people in them, and both pictures showed expressionson the peoples faces.

Wireless Power Transfer

IntroductionWe can non conceive of modern domain without tycoon and twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the use of advocator is increasing, alone utilizing it in the close effectual manner is the bouffantgest concern now. After the radical revolution in engineering site, sometimes the manner of causality exaltation is a weighty issue. piano tuner bureau transmittal is necessary in instances where fleeting authority transportation is needed, because sometimes semisynthetic music directors argon non perfect for power transmittal in few sectors. radio receiver authority Transfer ( WPT ) is a transmittal where galvanizing energy is transmitted from a power beginning to an galvanizing caral burden through an walkoer spread with the aid of electro magnetised field. In stick out few old ages, there is a dramatic advancement in this sector but still it is in child power point.Background and aimWireless power transmittal is a construct which was proposed by Nicola Tes la in the recent 1800s.That clip it may sound futuristic, but Teslas did it enormously. No uncertainty search workers have found safer and more effectual methods of radio power transportation, since Tesla s cardinal check. It is called resonating inducive twain, the most promising engineering that has been bloomed. The engineering takes favor of moving ridge harmonics. From two spirals, wave harmonics make a bulletproof nexus of charismatic moving ridges and vibrate it. Although the original arising spiral was created by Nicholas Callan ( 1799-1864 ) , in 1836 a priest and the professor of natural doctrine, but Nicola Teslas spirals created the discovery for Wireless power transmittal.The chief point is why we want to give wireless engineering to route information when all the maps can be arranged with wired elements? Extinguishing reckons of overseas telegrams is the lone existent reply. Many health check equipments require a uninterrupted power beginning. If wires may set -up through somebodys thoroughgoing structure, the hazard of shorting causes a hazard of infection for patients. Cell phones, earphones, jeopardize accountants, personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) and Internet contraptions all require a trio to four pes single wire to utilize in the auto. Most of these wires be created an uncomfortable environment in the wire.WPT utilizing magneticWireless Power transportation ( WPT ) is divided by two parts, one is near-field and an otherwise one is far-field parts. Although Radio Waves and optical maser engineering ar widely used for far-field part, but these ar non to a fault much efficient for near-field part. In near-field part, three techniques of wireless power transportation are used. Air ionisation is one of them, but it is a toughest technique and is non executable for practical execution. Other two techniques are really effectual, which are called magnetic inductive match and magnetic resonance inductive unite.Magnetic inductive yoke is the most comprehensive method of wireless power transmittal. Interior designers can choose some benefits from magnetic initiation instead than the wireless moving ridges. If modulate magnetic field is used to direct a signal through the air allows for a low-priced, low-power communications scheme. Radio waves communicate by distributing a canvass moving ridge in unfastened infinite. On the other manus magnetic system is based on quasi-static magnetic field which is round the transmittal spiral.It is based on the rule of change overing and conveying the magnetic flux ( ? ) amidst two spirals ( primary and secondary spirals ) which are non connected by wires. Transformer, electric coppice, radio bide downing tablets are the illustrations of magnetic initiation.solely this method is impractical when it comes to reassigning power to longer distances. For such an experimentation, it is needed that the spirals are excessively secretive to each other so that the short ma gnetic field is produced. When it is a amour of long distance, a immense magnetic field is needed and spirals should be multiple. Due to the flow of magnetic field in different waies, counter step should be calculated to salvage the power loss. May be this is theoretically possible but is non possible practically.Magnetic resonance inductive yoke is the mapping which is used for longer distances power transportation. It is a combination of inductive yoke and resonance. Resonance is interacted with two objects really strongly. In this procedure capacitance is connected check to the spiral and spiral provides the foundation. The resonating capacitances wipe out the divergent induction in the receiving system.Resonance Inductive duad ( RIC ) is extremely effectual than inductive yoke ( IC ) and RIC can be transfer power to multiple devices whereas inductive yoke is reassigning power to individual device.Magnetic initiation vs. Radio WavesMagnetic initiation can keep a scope bound which is around 3 metres. On the other manus, wireless waive is non governable and range bound is stripped-down 10 metres or more.Related workWhen Tesla spiral is invented, the thought of wireless power was unveiled. Now WiTricity is an American engineering science company, but in 2007 WiTricity was a parturiency of MIT pupils, where research workers were able to successfully light a 60 W visible radiation bulb wirelessly, which was 7ft off. At a glimpse, it is originally extended interlingual rendition of magnetic initiation up to a few metres. The chief discrepancy is resonance if the magnetic resonance is same for transmitter and receiving system, energy can expeditiously be transferred and loss of power is really little. Using resonance is or so 106 times efficient than without resonance. The frequence of resonation can be measured by the compare minded(p) below.Resonant Frequency = Coil Inductance x capacitorThe dramatic accomplishment of the MIT research squad is ho w to ticket tune the application so that the close field addition distances for a few metres, on the other manus restricting the power radiated through the far field.In 2008, Teslas experiment was rebuilt by Intel, which was wirelessly powering a light bulb. And in 2009, Sony exhibited a Television, which was wireless-powered at a scope of 20 inches.Very recent April 17, 2014 was another discovery for Wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic resonance. Chun T. Rim, a professor of Nuclear & A Quantum engineer at KAIST and his squad developed a system, which can tin down 40 smart phones at the same time, with a highest end product power of 209 W at 20 kilohertz and power beginning can 5 metres off from receiving system. The name of this system is Dipole Coil Resonant corpse ( DCRS ) which is an drawn-out version of inductive power transportation.Using this system a big LED Television with 40 W-fans can be powered from maximal 5-meter distance.No uncertainty, that it is a radical accomplishment after WiTricity.Advantages1. Wireless charging Now inductive bear downing has promised with our nomadic devices, Electric Vehicle wholly free from heap and it protects our connexions. When electronics are enclosed, there is no opportunity of corrosion. Sometimes embedded medical devices are needed to be charged, but the hazard of infection, wires penetrate through cutis should be avoided. Durability is another benefit of inductive charging.2. High Efficiency over a Distance Electricity, which is created by the beginning and is extremely efficient around several metres.3. Penetrate and Frisk Around the barrier Power transportation system is really flexible for industrial or commercial environment. Most of the edifices are furnished by wood, glass, plastics, fabrics etc. which are non created any obstructor of transmittal system. In add-on, the system has an ability to frolic around many metallic barriers.4. constraint the scope of power degree It is possib le to accomplish commanding power degree over distance. Wireless mouse and keyboard like electronic devices need milliwatts and when it is a affair of electric rider vehicle, so it gives you kilowatts.5. Safe for nature Cause of magnetic near field, this engineering is wholly free from Radiative manner and thats why it is safe for nature. Biological beings are really decrepit interact with magnetic field. The world-renowned physicist Sir bathroom Pendry of Imperial College London explains The organic structure truly responds strongly to electric Fieldss, which is why you can cook a poulet in a microwave. But it does nt react to magnetic Fieldss. Equally far as we know the organic structure has about zero response to magnetic Fieldss in footings of the sum of power it absorbs .Research AimsWireless coursers for Electric Vehicles ( EVs ) would be a convenient characteristic, which is given a great solution of avoid to retrieve the stopper in a power overseas telegram after parking the vehicle. Wireless bear downing for Electric Vehicles is a system necessitating high electrical power ( up to 100s of kW ) and broad country of wireless power transmittal which increases electromagnetic field exposure. There are two types of radio bear downing engineerings applicable for EVs. inductive power transportation ( IPT ) system, which is known asDecisionThe Wireless Power Transmission was a legendary effort by Nikola Tesla. After long hundred old ages, reproduced of Teslas experiment agencies, necessity of engineering can neer be hidden. Presently the engineering is in advancement and all the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours research workers are seeking their best and defeated the right challenges. Although WiTricity and Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) are about new engineerings, but the cardinal rule is magnetic inductive with resonance yoke.However, the most update radio power transmittal system is excessively dearly-won and immature, but the twenty-fou r hours is non so far when wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic is the most diacritic and sustainable option of current system.Mentions1 ) Sun-Hee Kim, Yong-Seok Lim, and Seung-Jun Lee, Magnetic Resonant Coupling BasedWireless Power Transfer System with In-Band Communication , journal OFSEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.13, NO.6, DECEMBER, 20132 ) S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, Wireless PowerTransmission A Next Generation Power Transmission System , 2010International ledger of Computer Applications ( 0975 8887 ) ,Volume 1 No.133 ) Chun T. Rim, Wireless power transportation achieved at 5-meter distancehypertext transfer protocol //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/tkai-wpt041714.php4 ) Rajen Biswa, Feasibility of Wireless Power Transmission , May, 20125 ) Wireless Power Technologyhypertext transfer protocol //www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/6 ) Liguang Xie, Yi Shi Y, Thomas Hou,Wenjing Lou, Wireless Power Transfer andApp lications to Sensor Networks , Virginia polytechnic Institute and State University,the States7 ) Prof. Jenshan Lin, Wireless Power Transmission From Far-Field to Near-Field ,University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USAWireless Power TransferIntroductionWe can non conceive of modern universe without power and twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours, the use of power is increasing, but utilizing it in the most effectual manner is the biggest concern now. After the radical alteration in engineering site, sometimes the manner of power transportation is a weighty issue. Wireless power transmittal is necessary in instances where fleeting power transportation is needed, because sometimes semisynthetic music directors are non perfect for power transmittal in few sectors. Wireless Power Transfer ( WPT ) is a transmittal where electrical energy is transmitted from a power beginning to an electrical burden through an air spread with the aid of electromagnetic field. In last few old ages, the re is a dramatic advancement in this sector but still it is in child degree.Background and aimWireless power transmittal is a construct which was proposed by Nicola Tesla in the late 1800s.That clip it may sound futuristic, but Teslas did it enormously. No uncertainty research workers have found safer and more effectual methods of wireless power transportation, since Tesla s cardinal check. It is called resonating inductive yoke, the most promising engineering that has been bloomed. The engineering takes advantage of moving ridge harmonics. From two spirals, wave harmonics make a strong nexus of magnetic moving ridges and vibrate it. Although the original initiation spiral was created by Nicholas Callan ( 1799-1864 ) , in 1836 a priest and the professor of natural doctrine, but Nicola Teslas spirals created the discovery for Wireless power transmittal.The chief point is why we want to utilize wireless engineering to route information when all the maps can be arranged with wired elem ents? Extinguishing reckons of overseas telegrams is the lone existent reply. Many medical equipments require a uninterrupted power beginning. If wires may set-up through someones organic structure, the hazard of shorting causes a hazard of infection for patients. Cell phones, earphones, game accountants, personal digital helpers ( PDAs ) and Internet contraptions all require a three to four pes single wire to utilize in the auto. Most of these wires are created an uncomfortable environment in the wire.WPT utilizing magneticWireless Power transportation ( WPT ) is divided by two parts, one is near-field and another one is far-field parts. Although Radio Waves and LASER engineering are widely used for far-field part, but these are non excessively much efficient for near-field part. In near-field part, three techniques of wireless power transportation are used. Air ionisation is one of them, but it is a toughest technique and is non executable for practical execution. Other two techni ques are really effectual, which are called magnetic inductive yoke and magnetic resonance inductive yoke.Magnetic inductive yoke is the most comprehensive method of wireless power transmittal. Interior designers can acquire some benefits from magnetic initiation instead than the wireless moving ridges. If modulated magnetic field is used to direct a signal through the air allows for a low-priced, low-power communications system. Radio waves communicate by distributing a plane moving ridge in unfastened infinite. On the other manus magnetic system is based on quasi-static magnetic field which is around the transmission spiral.It is based on the rule of change overing and conveying the magnetic flux ( ? ) between two spirals ( primary and secondary spirals ) which are non connected by wires. Transformer, electric coppice, radio bear downing tablets are the illustrations of magnetic initiation.But this method is impractical when it comes to reassigning power to longer distances. For s uch an experiment, it is needed that the spirals are excessively close to each other so that the short magnetic field is produced. When it is a affair of long distance, a immense magnetic field is needed and spirals should be multiple. Due to the flow of magnetic field in different waies, counter steps should be calculated to salvage the power loss. May be this is theoretically possible but is non possible practically.Magnetic resonance inductive yoke is the procedure which is used for longer distances power transportation. It is a combination of inductive yoke and resonance. Resonance is interacted with two objects really strongly. In this procedure capacitance is connected parallel to the spiral and spiral provides the induction. The resonating capacitances wipe out the divergent induction in the receiving system.Resonance Inductive Coupling ( RIC ) is extremely effectual than inductive yoke ( IC ) and RIC can be transfer power to multiple devices whereas inductive yoke is reassig ning power to individual device.Magnetic initiation vs. Radio WavesMagnetic initiation can keep a scope bound which is around 3 metres. On the other manus, wireless waive is non governable and range bound is minimal 10 metres or more.Related workWhen Tesla spiral is invented, the thought of wireless power was unveiled. Now WiTricity is an American technology company, but in 2007 WiTricity was a undertaking of MIT pupils, where research workers were able to successfully light a 60 W visible radiation bulb wirelessly, which was 7ft off. At a glimpse, it is originally extended version of magnetic initiation up to a few metres. The chief difference is resonance if the magnetic resonance is same for transmitter and receiving system, energy can expeditiously be transferred and loss of power is really little. Using resonance is about 106 times efficient than without resonance. The frequence of resonation can be measured by the equation given below.Resonant Frequency = Coil Inductance x Ca pacitanceThe dramatic accomplishment of the MIT research squad is how to ticket tune the application so that the close field addition distances for a few metres, on the other manus restricting the power radiated through the far field.In 2008, Teslas experiment was rebuilt by Intel, which was wirelessly powering a light bulb. And in 2009, Sony exhibited a Television, which was wireless-powered at a scope of 20 inches.Very recent April 17, 2014 was another discovery for Wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic resonance. Chun T. Rim, a professor of Nuclear & A Quantum Engineering at KAIST and his squad developed a system, which can bear down 40 smart phones at the same time, with a highest end product power of 209 W at 20 kilohertz and power beginning can 5 metres off from receiving system. The name of this system is Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) which is an drawn-out version of inductive power transportation.Using this system a big LED Television with 40 W-fans can be powered from maximal 5-meter distance.No uncertainty, that it is a radical accomplishment after WiTricity.Advantages1. Wireless charging Now inductive bear downing has promised with our nomadic devices, Electric Vehicle wholly free from cord and it protects our connexions. When electronics are enclosed, there is no opportunity of corrosion. Sometimes embedded medical devices are needed to be charged, but the hazard of infection, wires penetrate through tegument should be avoided. Durability is another benefit of inductive charging.2. High Efficiency over a Distance Electricity, which is created by the beginning and is extremely efficient around several metres.3. Penetrate and Frisk Around the barrier Power transportation system is really flexible for industrial or commercial environment. Most of the edifices are furnished by wood, glass, plastics, fabrics etc. which are non created any obstructor of transmittal system. In add-on, the system has an ability to frolic around many me tallic barriers.4. Control the scope of power degree It is possible to accomplish commanding power degree over distance. Wireless mouse and keyboard like electronic devices need milliwatts and when it is a affair of electric rider vehicle, so it gives you kilowatts.5. Safe for nature Cause of magnetic near field, this engineering is wholly free from Radiative manner and thats why it is safe for nature. Biological beings are really decrepit interact with magnetic field. The world-renowned physicist Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London explains The organic structure truly responds strongly to electric Fieldss, which is why you can cook a poulet in a microwave. But it does nt react to magnetic Fieldss. Equally far as we know the organic structure has about zero response to magnetic Fieldss in footings of the sum of power it absorbs .Research AimsWireless coursers for Electric Vehicles ( EVs ) would be a convenient characteristic, which is given a great solution of avoid to retr ieve the stopper in a power overseas telegram after parking the vehicle. Wireless bear downing for Electric Vehicles is a system necessitating high electrical power ( up to 100s of kW ) and broad country of wireless power transmittal which increases electromagnetic field exposure. There are two types of radio bear downing engineerings applicable for EVs. inductive power transportation ( IPT ) system, which is known asDecisionThe Wireless Power Transmission was a legendary effort by Nikola Tesla. After 120 old ages, reproduced of Teslas experiment agencies, necessity of engineering can neer be hidden. Presently the engineering is in advancement and all the twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours research workers are seeking their best and defeated the powerful challenges. Although WiTricity and Dipole Coil Resonant System ( DCRS ) are about new engineerings, but the cardinal rule is magnetic inductive with resonance yoke.However, the most update radio power transmittal system is exc essively dearly-won and immature, but the twenty-four hours is non so far when wireless power transportation utilizing magnetic is the most diacritic and sustainable option of current system.Mentions1 ) Sun-Hee Kim, Yong-Seok Lim, and Seung-Jun Lee, Magnetic Resonant Coupling BasedWireless Power Transfer System with In-Band Communication , JOURNAL OFSEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, VOL.13, NO.6, DECEMBER, 20132 ) S. Sheik Mohammed, K. Ramasamy, T. Shanmuganantham, Wireless PowerTransmission A Next Generation Power Transmission System , 2010International Journal of Computer Applications ( 0975 8887 ) ,Volume 1 No.133 ) Chun T. Rim, Wireless power transportation achieved at 5-meter distancehypertext transfer protocol //www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-04/tkai-wpt041714.php4 ) Rajen Biswa, Feasibility of Wireless Power Transmission , May, 20125 ) Wireless Power Technologyhypertext transfer protocol //www.wirelesspowerconsortium.com/technology/6 ) Liguang Xie, Yi Shi Y, Tho mas Hou,Wenjing Lou, Wireless Power Transfer andApplications to Sensor Networks , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,USA7 ) Prof. Jenshan Lin, Wireless Power Transmission From Far-Field to Near-Field ,University of Florida Gainesville, Florida, USA

Forward the Foundation Chapter 24

8Like some(prenominal) intellectual, Hari Seldon had made aim of the astronomic depository library freely. For the most part, it had been done long distance through computer, just occasionally he had visited it, much to get away from the pres trues of the Psychohistory Project than for any otherwise purpose. And, for the past couple of years, since he had first suppose his plan to capture others like Wanda, he had unbroken a private delegacy in that respect, so he could affirm ready access to any of the librarys long collection of data. He had even rented a small apartment in an adjacent sector nether the dome so that he would be equal to(p) to walk to the depository library when his forever-increasing research there prevented him from returning to the Streeling Sector.Now, however, his plan had taken on new dimensions and he complimentsed to meet Las Zenow. It was the first time he had ever met him face-to-face.It was non easy to arrange a personal interview with the Chief Librarian of the Galactic Library. His own perception of the nature and value of his office was high and it was frequently said that when the emperor butterfly wished to deliberate the Chief Librarian, even he had to visit the Library himself and wait his turn.Seldon however, had no trouble. Zenow knew him well, though he had never seen Hari Seldon in person. An purity, First Minister, he said in greeting.Seldon smiled. I trust you know that I have not held that post in sixteen years.The esteem of the title is thus remote yours. Besides, sir, you were also instrumental in ridding us of the brutal rule of the military junta. The junta, on a number of occasions, violated the sacred rule of the disinterest of the Library.(Ah, supposition Seldon that accounts for the readiness with which he saw me.)Merely rumor, he said aloud.And now, tell me, said Zenow, who could not resist a quick savour at the time band on his wrist, what fucking I do for you?Chief Librarian, beg an Seldon I have not scratch to ask anything easy of you. What I expect is more space at the Library. I deficiency permission to vex in a number of my associates. I want permission to undertake a long and elaborate program of the spectacul atomic number 18st importance.Las Zenows face drew into an expression of distress. You ask a great deal. Can you explain the importance of all this?Yes. The conglomerate is in the process of disintegration.There was a long pause. Then Zenow said, I have try ond of your research into psychohistory. I have been t hoar that your new science bears the address of predicting the future. Is it psychohistorical predictions of which you ar speaking?No. I have not yet reached the point in psychohistory where I stool speak of the future with certainty. But you dont request psychohistory to know that the Empire is disintegrating. You can see the evidence yourself.Zenow sighed. My subject area here consumes me utterly, Professor Seldon. I am a chi ld when it comes to political and social matters.You may, if you wish, consult the nurture contained in the Library. Why look a cycle this genuinely office-it is chock-full of every conceivable sort of information from throughout the entire Galactic Empire.Im the in conclusion to happen up with it all, Im afraid, Zenow said, smiling sadly. You know the old proverb The shoemakers child has no shoes. It seems to me, though, that the Empire is restored. We have an Emperor again.In name just, Chief Librarian. In most of the outlying provinces, the Emperors name is mentioned ritualistically now and then, but he plays no role in what they do. The Outer Worlds control their own programs and, more important, they control the local anesthetic armed forces, which are outside the grip of the Emperors authority. If the Emperor were to try to exert his authority anywhere outside the Inner Worlds, he would fail. I doubt that it volition take more than 20 years, at the outside, before some of the Outer Worlds declare their independence.Zenow sighed again. If you are right, we live in worse times than the Empire has ever seen. But what has this to do with your desire for more office space and additional staff here in the Library?If the Empire falls apart, the Galactic Library may not escape the general carnage.Oh, but it must, said Zenow earnestly. There have been bad times before and it has always been understood that the Galactic Library on Trantor, as the repository of all human knowledge, must remain inviolate. And so it lead be in the future.It may not be. You said yourself that the junta violated its neutrality.not seriously.It might be more serious next time and we cant allow this repository of all human knowledge to be damaged.How go away your ontogenyd presence here prevent that?It wont. But the project I am interested in will. I want to create a great Encyclopedia, containing within it all the knowledge humanity will need to rebuild itself in case the wors t happens-an Encyclopedia Galactica, if you will. We dont need everything the Library has. Much of it is trivial. The tyke libraries scattered over the Galaxy may themselves be unmake and, if not, all but the most local data is retained by computerized connection with the Galactic Library in any case. What I intend, then, is something that is entirely independent and that contains, in as concise a form as possible, the essential information humanity needs.And if it, too, is destroyed?I hope it will not be. It is my intention to arrive a world far away on the outskirts of the Galaxy, one where I can exchange my Encyclopedists and where they can work in peace. Until such a place is found, however, I want the nucleus of the group to work here and to use the Library facilities to judge what will be needed for the project.Zenow grimaced. I see your point, Professor Seldon, but Im not sure that it can be done.Why not, Chief Librarian?Because beingness Chief Librarian does not make me an absolute monarch. I have a rather large Board-a kind of legislature-and please dont conceptualise that I can just push your Encyclopedia Project through.Im astonished.Dont be. I am not a popular Chief Librarian. The Board has been fighting, for some years now, for limited access to the Library. I have resisted. It galls them that I have afforded you your small office space.Limited access?Exactly. The idea is that if anyone needs information, he or she must communicate with a Librarian and the Librarian will get the information for the person. The Board does not wish people to enter the Library freely and deal with the computers themselves. They say that the expenditure required to keep the computers and other Library equipment in shape is becoming prohibitive.But thats impossible. Theres a millennial tradition of an open Galactic Library.So there is, but in recent years, appropriations to the Library have been cut several times and we simply dont have the funds we used to ha ve. It is becoming very knotty to keep our equipment up to the mark.Seldon rubbed his chin. But if your appropriations are going down, I imagine you have to cut salaries and fire people-or, at least, not hire new ones.You are exactly right.In which case, how will you manage to place new labors on a shrinking work force by asking your people to obtain all the information that the public will request?The idea is that we wont find all the information that the public will request but only those pieces of information that we consider important.So that not only will you abandon the open Library but also the comp allowe Library?Im afraid so.I cant remember that any Librarian would want this.You dont know Gennaro mummery, Professor Seldon. At Seldons blank look, Zenow hided. Who is he? you wonder. The leader of that portion of the Board that wishes to close off the Library. More and more of the Board are on his side. If I let you and your colleagues into the Library as an independent fo rce, a number of Board members who may not be on Mummerys side but who are dead set against any control of any part of the Library except by Librarians may decide to ballot with him. And in that case, I will be forced to resign as Chief Librarian.See here, said Seldon with sudden energy. All this business of possibly death down the Library, of making it less accessible, of refusing all information-all this business of declining appropriations-all this is itself a sign of gallant disintegration. Dont you agree?If you put it that way, you may be right.Then let me scold to the Board. Let me explain what the future may hold and what I wish to do. Perhaps I can persuade them, as I hope Ive persuaded you.Zenow thought for a moment. Im willing to let you try, but you must know in advance that your plan may not work.Ive got to take that chance. Please do whatsoever has to be done and let me know when and where I can meet the Board.Seldon left hand Zenow in a mood of unease. Everything he had told the Chief Librarian was true-and trivial. The genuinely reason he needed the use of the Library remained hidden.Partly this was because he didnt yet see that use clearly himself.9Hari Seldon sat at Yugo Amaryls bedside-patiently, sadly. Yugo was utterly spent. He was beyond medical help, even if he would have consented to avail himself of such help, which he refused.He was only fifty-five. Seldon was himself sixty-six and yet he was in fine shape, except for the twinge of sciatica-or whatever it was-that occasionally lamed him.Amaryls eyes opened. Youre still here, Hari?Seldon nodded. I wont leave you.Till I die?Yes. Then, in an outburst of grief, he said, Why have you done this, Yugo? If you had lived sensibly, you could have had twenty to thirty more years of life.Amaryl smiled faintly. Live sensibly? You mean, take time off? Go to resorts? lark myself with trifles?Yes. Yes.And I would either have longed to return to my work or I would have learned to like wasting m y time and, in the additional twenty to thirty years you speak of, I would have accomplished no more. Look at you.What about me?For ten years you were First Minister under Cleon. How much science did you do then?I spent about a quarter of my time on psychohistory, said Seldon gently.You exaggerate. If it hadnt been for me, plugging away, psychohistorical advance would have screeched to a halt.Seldon nodded. You are right, Yugo. For that I am grateful.And before and since, when you spend at least half your time on administrative duties, who does-did-the real number work? Eh?You, Yugo.Absolutely. His eyes unlikeable again.Seldon said, Yet you always wanted to take over those administrative duties if you survived me.No I wanted to head the Project to keep it moving in the attention it had to move in, but I would have delegated all administration.Amaryls breathing was growing stertorous, but then he stirred and his eyes opened, staring directly at Hari. He said, What will happen to p sychohistory when Im gone? Have you thought of that?Yes, I have. And I want to speak to you about it. It may please you. Yugo, I reckon that psychohistory is being revolutionized.Amaryl frowned slightly. In what way? I dont like the sound of that.Listen. It was your idea. Years ago, you told me that two buttockss should be established. Separate-isolated and safe-and arranged so that they would litigate as nuclei for an eventual routine Galactic Empire. Do you remember? That was your idea.The psychohistoric equation -I know. They suggested it. Im busy running(a) on it now, Yugo. Ive managed to wangle an office in the Galactic Library-The Galactic Library. Amaryls frown deepened. I dont like them. A bunch of self-satisfied idiots.The Chief Librarian, Las Zenow, is not so bad, Yugo.Did you ever meet a Librarian named Mummery, Gennaro Mummery?No, but Ive heard of him.A miserable human being. We had an argument once when he claimed I had misplaced something or other. I had done no s uch thing and I grew very annoyed, Hari. All of a sudden I was back in Dahl. One thing about the Dahlite culture, Hari, it is a cesspool of invective. I used some of it on him and I told him he was interfering with psychohistory and he would go down in history as a villain. I didnt just say villain, either. Amaryl chuckled faintly. I left him speechless.Suddenly Seldon could see where Mummerys animosity to struggled outsiders and, most probably, psychohistory must come from-at least, in part-but he said nothing.The point is, Yugo, you wanted two Foundations, so that if one failed, the other would continue. But weve gone beyond that.In what way?Do you remember that Wanda was able to read your mind two years ago and see that something was defame with a portion of the equations in the Prime Radiant?Yes, of course.Well, we will find others like Wanda. We will have one Foundation that will consist by and large of physical scientists, who will preserve the knowledge of humanity and serve as the nucleus for the Second Empire. And there will be a Second Foundation of psychohistorians only-mentalists, mind- shake uping psychohistorians-who will be able to work on psychohistory in a multiminded way, advancing it far more quickly than individual thinkers ever could. They will serve as a group who will introduce fine adjustments as time goes on, you see. Ever in the background, watching. They will be the Empires guardians. terrific said Amaryl weakly. Wonderful You see how Ive chosen the right time to die? Theres nothing left for me to do.Dont say that, Yugo.Dont make such a fuss over it, Hari. Im too banal to do anything. Thank you-thank you-for telling me-his voice was weakening-about the revolution. It makes me-happy-happy-hap-And those were Yugo Amaryls last words.Seldon bent over the bed. Tears stung his eyes and rolled down his cheeks.Another old friend gone. Demerzel, Cleon, Dors, now Yugo leaving him emptier and lonelier as he grew old.And the revolution that ha d allowed Amaryl to die happy might never come to pass. Could he manage to make use of the Galactic Library? Could he find more people like Wanda? Most of all, how long would it take?Seldon was sixty-six. If only he could have started this revolution at thirty-two when he first came to TrantorNow it might be too late.10Gennaro Mummery was making him wait. It was a studied discourtesy, even insolence, but Hari Seldon remained calm. later all, Seldon needed Mummery badly and for him to become angry with the Librarian would only hurt himself. Mummery would, in fact, be delighted with an angry Seldon.So Seldon kept his temper and waited and eventually Mummery did walk in. Seldon had seen him before-but only at a distance. This was the first time they would be together alone.Mummery was short and plump, with a round face and a dark little beard. He wore a smile on his face, but Seldon suspected that smile of being a meaningless fixture. It revealed yellow-bellied teeth and Mummerys inev itable hat was of a similar shade of yellow with a brown line snaking around it.Seldon felt a touch of nausea. It seemed to him that he would dislike Mummery, even if he had no reason to do so.Mummery said, without any preliminaries, Well, Professor, what can I do for you? He looked at the time-strip on the debate but made no apology for being late.Seldon said, I would like to ask you, sir, to put an end to your opposition to my remaining here at the Library.Mummery spread his hands. Youve been here for two years. What opposition are you speaking of?So far, that portion of the Board represented by you and those who believe as you do have been unable to outvote the Chief Librarian, but there will be another meeting next month and Las Zenow tells me he is uncertain of the result.Mummery shrugged. So am I uncertain. Your lease-if we can call it that-may well be renewed.But I need more than that, Librarian Mummery. I wish to bring in some colleagues. The project in which I am engaged-t he establishment of what is needed in the way of the eventual preparation of a very special Encyclopedia-is not one I can do alone.Surely your colleagues can work wherever they please. Trantor is a large world.We must work in the Library. I am an old man, sir, and I am in a hurry.Who can stay the advance of time? I dont think the Board will allow you to bring in colleagues. The thin edge of the wedge, Professor?(Yes, indeed, thought Seldon, but he said nothing.)Mummery said, I have not been able to keep you out, Professor. Not so far. But I think I can continue to keep out your colleagues.Seldon realized that he was getting nowhere. He opened the touch of frankness a notch. He said, Librarian Mummery, surely your animosity toward me is not personal. Surely you understand the importance of the work I am doing.You mean, your psychohistory. Come, you have been working on it for over thirty years. What has come of it?Thats the point. Something may come of it now.Then let something come of it at Streeling University. Why must it be at the Galactic Library?Librarian Mummery. Listen to me. What you want is to close the Library to the public. You wish to smash a long tradition. Have you the bosom to do that?Its not heart we need. Its funding. Surely the Chief Librarian has wept on your shoulder in telling you our woes. Appropriations are down, salaries are cut, needed maintenance is absent. What are we to do? Weve got to cut work and we certainly cant afford to support you and your colleagues with offices and equipment.Has this situation been put to the Emperor?Come, Professor, youre dreaming. Isnt it true that your psychohistory tells you that the Empire is deteriorating? Ive heard you referred to as Raven Seldon, something that, I believe, refers to a fabled tinkers dam of ill omen.Its true that we are entering bad times.And do you believe the Library is immune to those bad times? Professor, the Library is my life and I want it to continue, but it wont continue u nless we can find ways of making our dwindling appropriations do. And you come here expecting an open Library, with yourself as beneficiary. It wont do, Professor. It just wont do.Seldon said desperately, What if I find the doctrines for you?Indeed. How?What if I talk to the Emperor? I was once First Minister. Hell see me and hell listen to me.And youll get funding from him? Mummery laughed.If I do, if I increase your appropriations, may I bring in my colleagues?Bring in the ascribe first, said Mummery, and well see. But I dont think you will succeed.He seemed very sure of himself and Seldon wondered how often and how uselessly the Galactic Library had already appealed to the Emperor.And whether his own appeal would get anywhere at all.11The Emperor Agis XIV had no real right to the name. He had adopted it upon succeeding to the throne with the deliberate purpose of connecting himself with the Agises who had ruled two thousand years ago, most of them quite ably-particularly Agis V I, who had ruled for xlii years and who had kept order in a prosperous Empire with a firm but nontyrannical hand.Agis XIV did not look like any of the old Agises-if the holographic records had any value. But, then again, truth be told, Agis XIV did not look much like the official holograph that was distributed to the public.As a matter of fact, Hari Seldon thought, with a twinge of nostalgia, that Emperor Cleon, for all his flaws and weaknesses, had certainly looked Imperial.Agis XIV did not. Seldon had never seen him at close quarters and the few holographs he had seen were outrageously inaccurate. The Imperial holographer knew his job and did it well, thought Seldon wryly.Agis XIV was short, with an unattractive face and slightly bulging eyes that did not seem alight with intelligence. His only qualification for the throne was that he was a collateral relative of Cleon.To do him credit, however, he did not try to play the role of the mighty Emperor. It was understood that he rath er liked to be called the Citizen Emperor and that only Imperial protocol and the outraged outcry of the Imperial Guard prevented him from exiting the dome and wandering the walkways of Trantor. evidently, the story went, he wished to shake hands with the citizens and hear their complaints in person.(Score one for him, thought Seldon, even if it could never come to pass.)With a murmur and a bow, Seldon said, I thank you, Sire, for consenting to see me.Agis XIV had a clear and rather attractive voice, quite out of keeping with his appearance. He said, An ex-First Minister must surely have his privileges, although I must give myself credit for amazing courage in agreeing to see you.There was humor in his words and Seldon found himself suddenly realizing that a man might not look intelligent and yet might be intelligent just the same.Courage, Sire?Why, of course. Dont they call you Raven Seldon?I heard the expression, Sire, the other day for the first time.Apparently the reference is to your psychohistory, which seems to predict the Fall of the Empire.It points out the possibility only, Sire-So that you are coupled with a mythic bird of ill omen. Except that I think you yourself are the bird of ill omen.I hope not, Sire.Come, come. The record is clear. Eto Demerzel, Cleons old First Minister, was strike with your work and look what happened-he was forced out of his position and into exile. The Emperor Cleon himself was impressed with your work and look what happened-he was assassinated. The military junta was impressed with your work and look what happened-they were swept away. Even the Joranumites, it is said, were impressed with your work and, behold, they were destroyed. And now, O Raven Seldon, you come to see me. What may I expect?Why, nothing evil, Sire.I imagine not, because unlike all these others I have mentioned, I am not impressed with your work. Now tell me why you are here.He listened carefully and without interruption while Seldon explained the im portance of setting up a Project designed to build up an encyclopedia that would preserve human learning if the worst happened.Yes yes, said Agis XIV finally, so you are, indeed, convinced the Empire will fall.It is a strong possibility, Sire, and it would not be prudent to refuse to take that possibility into account. In a way, I wish to prevent it if I can-or ameliorate the effects if I cant.Raven Seldon if you continue to poke your nose into matters, I am convinced that the Empire will fall and that nothing can help it.Not so, Sire. I ask only permission to work.Oh, you have that, but I fail to see what it is you wish of me. Why have you told me all this about an encyclopedia?Because I wish to work in the Galactic Library, Sire, or, more accurately, I wish others to work there with me.I assure you that I wont stand in your way.That is not enough, Sire. I want you to help.In what way, ex-First Minister?With funding. The Library must have appropriations or it will close its doors to the public and evict me.Credits A note of astonishment came into the Emperors voice. You came to me for credits?Yes, Sire.Agis XIV stood up in some agitation. Seldon stood up at once also, but Agis waved him down.Sit down. Dont treat me as an Emperor. Im not an Emperor. I didnt want this job, but they made me take it. I was the nearest thing to the Imperial family and they jabbered at me that the Empire needed an Emperor. So they have me and a lot of good I am to them.Credits You expect me to have credits You talk about the Empire disintegrating. How do you suppose it disintegrates? Are you thinking of rebellion? Of civil war? Of disorders here and there?No. Think of credits. Do you realize that I cannot collect any taxes at all from half the provinces in the Empire? Theyre still part of the Empire-Hail the Imperium-All honor to the Emperor-but they dont pay anything and I dont have the necessary force to collect it. And if I cant get the credits out of them, they are not really part of the Empire, are they?Credits The Empire runs a chronic deficit of appalling proportions. Theres nothing I can pay for. Do you think there is enough funding to maintain the Imperial Palace grounds? Just barely. I must cut corners. I must let the Palace decay. I must let the number of retainers die down by attrition.Professor Seldon. If you want credits, I have nothing. Where will I find appropriations for the Library? They should be grateful I manage to squeeze out something for them each year at all. As he finished, the Emperor held out his hands, palms up, as if to signify the emptiness of the Imperial coffers.Hari Seldon was stunned. He said, Nevertheless, Sire, even if you lack the credits, you still have the Imperial prestige. Can you not order the Library to allow me to keep my office and let my colleagues in to help me with our vital work?And now Agis XIV sat down again as though, once the subject was not credits, he was no longer in a state of agitation.He said, You r ealize that, by long tradition, the Galactic Library is independent of the Imperium, as far as its self-government is concerned. It sets up its rules and has done so since Agis VI, my namesake-he smiled-attempted to control the news functions of the Library. He failed and, if the great Agis VI failed, do you think I can succeed?Im not asking you to use force, Sire. Merely expressing a polite wish. Surely, when no vital function of the Library is involved, they will be pleased to honor the Emperor and oblige his wishes.Professor Seldon, how little you know of the Library. I have but to express a wish, however gently and tentatively, to make it certain that they will proceed, in dudgeon, to do the opposite. They are very sensitive to the slightest sign of Imperial control.Seldon said, Then what do I do?Why, Ill tell you what. A thought occurs to me. I am a member of the public and I can visit the Galactic Library if I wish. It is located on the Palace grounds, so I wont be violating p rotocol if I visit it. Well, you come with me and we shall be ostentatiously friendly. I will not ask them for anything, but if they note us paseo arm-in-arm, then perhaps some of the precious Board of theirs may feel more kindly toward you than otherwise. But thats all I can do.And the deeply thwart Seldon wondered if that could possibly be enough.

Library System Documentation Essay

A. IntroductionA computer plays a vital role in our life and in our society. Business and some government agencies arrive at consider fit been using computer-based salmagundi. In schools and private office computer plays a vital role in their advancement and conditionment. With the emergence of computer technology. Efficiency and accuracy were achieved. heretofore with the emergence of this technology, there ar still many establishments today which still are used manual carcass in their operations. With the problems being encountered, such as inaccurate results and workloads, computers will of great help. Through an automated corpse, problems will be lessened with ease accuracy and efficiency.The depository depository library, being the focal point for academic in college and university campuses plays a vital role in the academic development of the students and faculty alike. It has the basic function of aiding the parent institution in carrying-out its objectives by acquirin g and making the books, materials and services available when needed. With the rapid and advancement in computer technology. Traditional library function is now being updated using current technology concepts. Libraries are now faced with the challenge of providing effective access to the rapidly growing resources in electronic form.B.Problem StatementMabini Educational Institution Library faces the following problems* manual of arms in locating and knowing the availability of the books.* Manual in knowing the list of employee* Less efficient and Time consuming.* Unmanageable record and list of books.* The Library clerk has delayed response to the inquiry.* The librarian needs enough conviction to track down the borrowed book.C.ObjectiveThe objective of the get is to propose a computerized library system as well as a system design that could be used by MABINI EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION.D.HypothesisThe system will not be able to provide and develop a computerized library system. It wi ll not be able to increase security in terms of record keeping.The system will not to be able to tardily track down number of available books. The system will not be able to save clock in updating book records.E.Significance of the StudyThe study can help lessen problems that are presently encountered by the said school. For the school (& the people loafer the management of the library system particularly the librarian), this would help in minimizing the loss of book records being encountered in the existing library. Creating reports would be easier for the librarian. For the student and teachers, this would save time in verifying whether the books is available or not. For the researchers to enhance and likewise develop their skills and talents in analyzing system needs designing a computerized system and as a programmer developing a software. This study will also serve a reference for the future researches who will conduct a similar study.F.Scope and borderThe study entitled Co mputerized Library scheme of MABINI EDUCATIONAL INSTUITUTION focuses mainly in the transaction of arrival of books, borrowing of books, returned books and the overdue. It will also include the monitoring of books and generating of books records. The system would have information about the student and the books they borrowed or returned. Details about the book would also be included in the system such as reverberate number, title, author, and the accession number. The system would have monitor of the book with a penalty. The system will only limit its study in the MEI balele branch. The Proposed system does not include the catalogue system, borrowing other materials such as thesis, manuscript, newspaper, magazines and etc. because of time constraint.CHAPTER 2A.REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIESLocal StudiesWilson Banga and Connie Kou, made an information system. The study eliminates the present problems and procedures and efficient and reliable result. The study includes all records from fi rst year to fourth yea, the alumni record and the personal record applicable to registrars office. mare Teresa Lumban (2000) made a library system. The Proposed library system for Lipa City National Library was made to prove that computer could be useful in declaration problems arising from the increasing demand of library users. It is a window database that runs through Windows 98 operating system. The system uses peer-to-peer networking and is set-up on star topology. Billy Dimaculangan (2000), made a library system.The system shows the computerized library system of Mabini Academy High school Department and used the peer-to-peer networking in windows 98. Elmer Tanyo (2000), made a automated card catalogue system. adept like an ordinary manual catalogue system, libraries have picking to delete, add, record in card catalogue order to update the catalogue. The software also has the option to reserve our borrow book. Julius Luna (2001), made a library system. The proposed system consists of two major components card cataloging and users-monitoring system. The card cataloging system serves information on book acquisitions and call number. It is capable of accessing the location of individuals volumes.Foreign StudiesAccording to Charles Deavor (1991), the automated card catalogue for library is open to access the shelves and the facility to borrow center that much of use modern library is at the free choice of reader, scholars and scientist continue to emphasize the value of browsing among shelves of well-arranged library. Eileen Merith (1992), made library system. The system was develop through HTML, and Java the Galileo project will create standard friendly user computerized community information system. Thus computerized information system consolidate complaisant service, health, care, training, and job information in an interface that average citizens and system participants can use.They also have the information that enrollment system tax a accurate i ntroductory program application from the community service. Robert Kingsley (1995), made an inquiry system. The system was developing through Java and HTML. The system aims to provide convenient and comprehensive advantages, their durability revolved around the availability of machine information, specially two types of machine readable information one indentifying the browser and the other indentifying the items to b changed.CHAPTER 3A.Theoretical exemplarB.Conceptual FrameworkC.MethodologyThis Computerized Library System is recommended to Mabini Educational Institution High school. This Computerized Library System is design to help those MEI student, teachers, other Personnel , and other pertain people so many persons will be benefited . For the school, it will help to have a secure assurance of borrowing books from the library and can easily detect the borrowed books. For the librarian, do not need to consume or use up more time to handle of manage data and to produce a report on library manually.The personnel can organized and find the book easily. For the student, it will borrow book in much easier way. It does not have to fill up again the library card, a computerized library system is much better than the present library system which is in manual form. The System is not intended to changes all the principle details and methods of borrowing books from the library but rather to improve it in much accurate and reliable form .

Historical Events Since 1945 Essay

The formation of the United Nations (1945) Kegley (2007) mentions that the failure of the League of Nations, brought about the creation of the United Nations in 1945. Following the planning of the American, British and Soviet affiliate for a new international validation to maintain peace and security, the United Nations came into existence on 24 October 1945. Today, the United Nations has many departments that deal with vast world(prenominal) issues mainly humanitarian, economic and social. The creation of the United Nations has also brought the birth of other organizations such as the European Union in 1993 and the World Trade organization in 1995.Internationally, the living standards of many have positively changed since the founding of the United Nations The creation of the declaration of Human Rights (1948) According to Hass (2008), the second charter of the United Nations later on peace promotions is human rights. ( Vandersluis and Yerous in Kegley 2007, p. 220) state that the universalist claim, that all human beings have the same deterrent example status to accept universal human rights the m unwritten demand to respect the life, integrity, well-being and flourishing of all human beings. This was the general idea when the declaration of human rights was created.Violence, racial and gender discrimination, child abuse, religion and in-migration laws are now governed by these laws. This has encouraged peace and development across the globe. The introduction of oral contraception (1958) Oral contraception is a means of preventing cast-off(prenominal) pregnancies through the ingesting of the pill. The pill was first introduced in the United States as an alternative to minimize infant mortality and enforce women rights with issues concerning child birth. Prior to the use of the oral pill, women used to go to extreme measure to exercise birth control. Women used to nurse their children for two to three years. This would suppress ovulation protecting the m from pregnancy. Another natural method is coitus reservatus or withholding ejaculation Elder (n. d). This development is a safer, efficient and reliable method for women today. Other methods of contraception where then introduced to suit incompatible women across the world. The Entebbe Raid (1976) This event occurred when Air France departed from Paris to Athens bound to Israel was hijacked by seven Palestinians and diverted to Entebbe airport in Uganda.Haas (2008) reports that there were Judaic and Israeli passengers on board. The battle on the airfield was a result of the fear of a massacre portrayed by the hijackers. Ugandan soldiers and a baseborn number of hostages were killed. This event marked the beginning of air flight hijackings. In 2001, the Americans were attacked by the Taliban in a similar manner and many perished. Due to such an event, strict rules and regulations for passengers have been enforced globally to see the safety of the innocent. The Bhopal industria l contingency (1984)The Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, India experienced the worst industrial accident in history. A leakage of forty tons of chemicals resulted in the death of over seven thousand and two hundred thousand injuries according to Haas (2008). This was a wakeup call for many industrial plants to exercise extreme caution. Codes of conduct in the workplace are of major importance today. Companies are now required to ensure that health and safety procedures are implemented. Environmental awareness is also a major topic of discussion as this accident had an impact on the environment.

Observation Toddler

The name of the child that is being observed is Rachael. She is a female toddler who weighs 26 pounds and is 32 ? inches tall. According to biosocial development most children, by 24 months, weigh almost 30 pounds and are between 32 and 36 inches tall. According to the data of the United States, Rachael weight of 28 pounds lands between the tenth and the 50th girls percentiles, which are 22 ? pounds and 26 ? pounds. Her height of 32 ? is in the 10th girls percentiles. Her skin tone is dark and her hair long curly embrown she is Spanish and causasion mix.Rachael and her eight year old sister were sitting on at the kitchen table when I came in. They both were having lunch, sandwich with turkey and cheese, raw carrot, chips and juice. Rachaels mother told the girls after wash their hands they can go out in the backyard to play. Rachael was excited and told her, Play mommy. As I watched Rachael wash her slight had it looked like she loved the warm water and soap on her hands. She looke d at me and smiled, and I winked at her with approval. Smiling is an emotional development which falls in biosocial and psychosocial development.Rachael change her hands and rushed outside to play in the backyard. The first thing she did was get on her electric Barbie truck. Using her fine motor skills, she was able to manver it without every help, as her was grinded one hand on the wheel she waved to her mother. Hi mommy Her older sister saw playing with a ball and started to bounce it. Rachel, full stop her truck and jumped out and ran to her said and told her, no thats mine and had gripped the ball and walked away. She thus started to use her gross motor skills, she had bounced the ball as her sister did and then was hitting it with her hand.She then walked up to her sister and said, Here ball the emotional was a smile. Her social interaction is of her beginning to acknowledge sharing with others. She then went to part up a toy and throw it and her Mother told her in a claim voice Rachael please does not throw the toy. She just looked at her momma and just started running around chasing her sister. She was laughing and at one point started to crawl on the ground and rolling in the grass again using her gross motor skills.There was a little play structure and she climb the latter another motor skill in the biosocial development and in which context and culture are crucial for acquisition of this skill. Rachael used her sensor motor skills and memory skills today. Her social interaction I observed was positive which I saw in her playing and communication. In receptive vs. expressive language skills, she seemed to receive when spoken. Though at this age, language is a leading cognitive accomplishment. By doing this observation, I had learned that its much easier to understand children and their development by observing their unique ways.

Review on The Pursuit of Happyness Essay

The Pursuit of Happyness is a very moving film about a man and his quest for a better life. It is an inspire case study of how many of the elements of happiness work together from relationships, to poverty, to positive mental attitude and determination.The movie is based on the true story of Chris Gardener, a struggling entrepreneur in 1980s San Francisco, with one driving ambition- to be a safe(p) father to his son. He tries to improve the family financial situation by purchasing and selling medical equipment, but the investment does not work out and the family sinks further into poverty.He sees his chance to make good subsequently admiring a sports car on the street in the business district, where all the people seem happy. The car owner tells Chris he is a stock broker and anyone who is good with numbers and with people can be successful as a stock broker- even without a college degree. Chris uses his people skills and demonstrates the value of good relationships to get a chance at an internship where he must compete with 20 other candidates for 6 months for one paid position.His wife leaves him, he loses his apartment, bank accounts, credit cards, and has to guide time in jail, but all through it he is dedicated to keeping his son and pursuing his dream. The title, Pursuit of Happyness spelled with a y,comes from some graffiti at the daycare center and is also a reference to an essay written by a biracial man in the US shortly after the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson.The movie is beautifully acted by Will Smith and well written. It shows how people without money are often put-upon and bullied by those who do have money and power. Yet Chris Gardener repeatedly demonstrates the importance of good relationships even with people who treat him badly. He shows the importance of versed his strengths and using them, even in unconventional ways. His optimism turns into dogged determination as he demonstrates incredible persistence and creativity in his pursuit of happiness.The realism and wound up punch of the Christopher Gardner story makes this a moving and inspiring drama. Whether you are inspired to be grateful for your own circumstances or by the value of dump and determination, this movie is sure to show you something about happiness- its importance and how to get it.The Pursuit of Happyness teaches us a lot about the importance of virtues and strengths in our happy lives.

Trader Joe’s Methodology

Methodology The objective of this assignment is to answer the question Should bargainer Joes go into the Danish Market? To help answer this enigma formulation we eat make 6-sub question that research diametrical condition whish must be in place originally considering entrance of a new market and the different problem that can occurs. To begin with we have bypast through a process of gathering secondary data through Desk-research about The company monger Joes, its concept and products. We did the same thing with the Danish foodstuff market and its consumer segments.Through our secondary research we came across different issues that Trader Joes might face when breaking into Denmark (Copenhagen). First of all, we will need to find a matching target group for Trader Joes? (Sub question 1). Having found that, we want to study their purchase behavior and con what is important for them when buying groceries? (Sub question 2). Up next we will like to analyse what determine Trader J oes success in Denmark? (Sub question 3). Besides that we will like to see if its success depends on adaptation and should Trader Joes adapt and change (sub question 4).Finally Do they have a chance to compete with the already existing supermarkets in Copenhagen (sub question 5) and what are the difficulties in move into the Danish market (sub question 6) With the secondary information in hand, we also beginning to build up an image of Trader Joes as possible target group and of how we can reach to them. (Our given of Trader Joes possible target group is a young person of both genres amidst 20-30 of age who is very aware of what he/she eats, want something out of the original and can easily melt grocery shopping and entertaining together. This is just an assumption and we willing to accept otherwise so we forwardness up to examine the truth by conduction research that can give us lawful primary data. The assignment is based on interviews we did with to experts whish lay founda tion for qualitative interviews with 10 grocery shoppers whish then lad to a quantitative survey research with 110 grocery shoppers, for progress study. Each step of the interviews and survey were customized to answer our 6-sub questions whish is going to help us answer our problem formulation.

Factors That Affect Enzyme Reaction Rate

Lab Report F flirtors That Affect Enzymes Reaction come in Name of lab Effects of temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration, and Substrate Concentration on Enzymatic Activity Introduction Enzymes ar the most important types of proteins, they act as catalysis (speed up chemical receptions). If enzymes didnt exist, biochemical reactions would act to slowly and they couldnt keep up with the metabolic functions. Enzymes have a three-dimensional structure that is rattling complex. This structure consists of one or more polypeptide chains, they form an active site, which is an area in which the substrate finally will fit.The four factors that affect the activity and reaction rate of an enzyme are temperature, pH, enzyme concentration and substrate concentration. enquiry Question/Hypothesis The hypothesis is that when the temperature is higher than 40? C, the enzyme catalysis will increase. That the enzyme activity with the pH force-out is that if it isnt at the optimum pH value on that point will be a list loss of the enzyme activity. As the change in enzyme concentration increases the activity rate will increase if there is a proportional amount of enzyme concentration and substrate.Variables Independent pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration and enzymatic activity. Dependent the reaction rate Control variable temperature and amount of substrates and enzymes added. Materials Phosphate Buffers Beaker Catechol Potato Juice Parafilm Test Tubes Procedure To view the effect of temperature 1. Three different canvas tobacco pipes where picked with 3mL of phosphate. 2. They were set in three different temperature settings. scratch tube was placed in an ice-water bath for ten minutes, the second in a room temperature until 21?C was r all(prenominal)ed, and the third tube was placed in a beaker of warm water. To claim the effect of pH 1. The pH values of pH 4, pH 6, pH 7, pH 8, and pH 10 was used to fill five separate block out tubes with 3 mL each. 2. T o each analyse tube, ten drops of catechol and spud juice were added, each tube was covered with Parafilm, and alter several times to mix the contents. After letting each tube stand for three to five minutes the tubes were inverted at one minute intervals. To study the effect of enzyme concentration 1.The steps include four test tubes that were labeled A, B, C, and D. 2. The contents added to tube A are 3mL plus 20 drops of pH 7 phosphate fender, but no potato juice. To tube B, 3 mL plus 15 drops of pH 7 phosphate soften and 15 drops of potato juice. The amount of pH 7 phosphate pilot light added to test tube C are 3 mL plus 10 drops of potato juice. To test tube D, 3 mL of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 20 drops of potato juice were added. 3. Then, each tube was covered in Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents.After doing so, 10 drops of catechol were added to each tube and covered with Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents. 4. After allowing e ach tube to stand for three to four minutes the tubes were mixed at one-minute intervals. To study the effects of substrate concentration 1. Eight test tubes that were involved. 2. These test tubes were labeled 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, and 48. Next, each test tube had a certain amount of phosphate buffer and catechol was added to each. 3.To test tube 1 5 mL plus 47 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 1 drop of catechol test tube 2 5 mL plus 46 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 3 drops of catechol test tube 4 5 mL plus 44 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 4 drops of catechol test tube 8 5 mL plus 40 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 8 drops of catechol test tube 16 5 mL plus 32 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 16 drops of catechol test tube 24 5 mL plus 24 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 24 drops of catechol test tube 32 5 Ml plus 16 drops of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 32 drops of catechol and test tube 48 5 mL of pH 7 phosphate buffer and 48 drops of catechol. 4. Then, each tub e was covered with Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents. Also, to each of the tubes, 30 drops of potato juice were added and covered with Parafilm and inverted several times to mix the contents. The test tubes set at room temperature for five minutes and were mixed at one minute intervals.

Causes of Tension Between Cuba and the United States Essay

On January 9, 1959, following their successful overthrow of the oppressive Batista regime, a band of freedom fighters, anchored by Fidel Castro, marched through the Cuban capital city of Havana. Upon his arrival, Castro immediately seized control of the Cuban giving medication and declared himself the highest executive of the island nation, postmortem of Cuba. In April of 1959, Castro visited the linked States in order to gain support for his policies in leading Cuba. The majority of Americans warmly embraced Castro, assumptive that this charismatic leader would guide Cuba to democracy (Cuba). Some Americans rebrinyed cautious in accepting Castro, however, primarily disturb by his frontly demonstrated socialist sympathies. In the following month, Americans were given reasons to become anti-Castro as the Premier took hold American owned scribble plantations, Cubas multi-national companies, and the nations petroleum holdings (Cuba). By the wipeout of 1959, the nation began to s how signs of communist involvement. Communist affiliated groups took control of the nations military, bureaucracy, and labor movement, and Soviet interest in the island increased.In February of 1960, Anastas Mikoyan, vice-prime minister of the Soviet man and wife, came to Cuba. . . . A major topic of the meeting was the Soviet kernels purchase of Cuban sugar and the Cuban purchase of Russian oil (Franqui 66). Following the meeting, the Soviet Union entered into a trade agreement with the USSR, causing the United States to drastically limit the import of Cuban sugar into the nation. In response, Cuba nationalized all remaining American properties and negotiated an expanded trade agreement and loans with the Soviets, causing the United States to countermine all diplomatic relations with the country (Cuba). Before the end of 1960, the USSR had begun sending military aid to the Cubans. (Cuba)The U. S. organization was by now convinced that Cuba had become a Communist state (Dolan 9 2-93). The falling of Cuba into a Communist regime proved extremely important to the U. S., primarily due to Cubas proximity to the United States, precisely 90 miles. In addition, there were reports that the Soviet Union intended to make a staging root word out of Cuba for thecommunization of the other Latin-American countries and rumors that construction projects inside Cuba appeared to be designed for launching missiles (Rivero 170). To await the spread of Communism in the Western Hemisphere, Americans felt that the islands political sympathies had to be toppled (Dolan 93).Upon hearing from Cuban exiles that a great deal of unrest had been present on the island, Washington saw the time as ripe for an invasion attempt (Rivero 183). The U.S. government put the Central Intelligence Agency in land of plotting the attempt, along with officers from the Pentagon. The goal of the CIA-planned attempt would be to mask American involvement in the coup, so that the United States could no t encounter accusations of illegally endangering the sovereignty of an established foreign government (Dolan 93). The plan entailed using Cuban exiles to carry out an uprising, seemingly attempting to liberate their country.Following the planning of the invasion, the CIA utilized their Guatemalan bases in gentility 1,300 exiles (Dolan 93). lates of the supposedly secret plan leaked to Castro, who accused Washington of planning the worst sort of interference in the islands affairs and damned the United States for dropping the attitude of neutrality it had long professed in regard to Cuba (93). The Premier put the islands defense forces on alert and ordered them to prepare and be ready for an attack. On March 29, 1961, President John F. Kennedy gave the CIA permission to proceed with the launch the Cuban invasion. Changes were do to the plan however, the most important being the ban of U.S. air support of the campaign, excluding air attacks on trey Cuban air bases (Rivero 184). A long with the ban came the necessity of a simultaneous mass uprising by the Cuban people (184) without mass popular support, the invasion was doomed to failure.Two days prior to the invasion, B-26 bombers attacked triad crucial Cuban air bases, San Antonio, Cubas main base, Camp Liberty in Havana, Castros main headquarters, and the military airport at Santiago de Cuba (Rivero 184). A second wave of B-26 strikes was planned as well, finishedly was called off by President Kennedy, who was suspected to have felt that strong U.S. participation would threaten a war with Russia (Dolan 95). The cancellation of the second group of air strikes left Castro with one-third of his airforce and the goal of destroying the entire air force unfulfilled.Two days after the air strikes took place, approximately 1,500 CIA-supported Cuban exiles landed dependable the Bay of Pigs. The men were accompanied by old, unmarked American B-26 bombers that dropped leaflets urging the Cuban people to raise ag ainst Castro and join the attack force (Dolan 93). The invaders assumed that the leaflets would draw the widespread support of Cubans unhappy with their government. In the trinity days in which the people would supposedly aid in holding off Castros forces, the invaders were to roundabout up a provisional government and appeal for American help. From there, the United States would recognize the provisional government and intervene in overthrowing the Castro regime (93).The CIA plan assumed excessively, mostly due to the optimism derived from the agencys previous successes in staging coups in Guatemala and Iran, and all of the invasion plans resulted in complete failure The expected supporter did not come from the islands dissidents. On being hit by Castros air force, the attackers asked that U.S. navy jets be sent to help them. The planes, however, never appeared, due to the Kennedy-issued ban on U.S. air involvement (Dolan 95). after(prenominal) two days, Castros forces had thor oughly suppressed the attack, killing 150 of the men, and capturing approximately 1,200 of the attackers (95).According to the authors of Cuba and the United States riotous Neighbors, Kennedy had never liked the idea (Dolan 95) of an American-sponsored invasion of Cuba, mostly due to his belief that it would undoubtedly fail. The plan had been created beneath the Eisenhower administration, and Kennedy had little input in its creation. Nevertheless, the President allowed the invasion to occur, and despite his opposition to the whole affair, he accepter total responsibility for its failure because he was in office at the time it was staged (95). While Kennedy had been ensure that the plan he approved would be both secret and successful, he discovered too late(a) that it was too large to remain secret and too small to succeed (Wyden 310).Kennedy was greatly upset by the failure of the invasion, and he held himself personally responsible, for both the lives of the men who died as w ell as for the 1,200 men whom his government had helped send to their imprisonment (qtd. in 310). Kennedy viewed the failure as the ultimatefailure of his career (310), and from the defeat, his prestige suffered a severe blow (Dolan 96). About a year and a half later, however, he was to regain that at sea prestige (96), in his impressive handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis.Works ConsultedCuba Exhibit History. The Sixth al-Qaida Museum at Dealey Plaza. 2001 .Dolan, Edward E., and Margaret M. Scariano. Cuba and the United States Troubled Neighbors. New York Franklin Watts, 1987.Franqui, Carlos. Family Portrait with Fidel. New York Random House, 1984.Rivero, Nicholas. Castros Cuba An American Dilemma. New York Van Rees P, 1962.Sierra, J.A.. Timetable History of Cuba After the Revolution. 27 Aug. 2001 www.historyofcuba.com/history/timetbl4.htmWyden, Peter. Bay of Pigs The Untold Story. New York Simon, 1979.

Continuing Professional Development Essay

With the rapid pace of change, many mountain whitethorn dumbfound that their skills and k nowadaysledge, acquired over the recent past, are outdated. In order to update their members, many maestro groups bear introduced the purpose of Continuing Professional Development (CPD). (Foot and Hooks, 2002).The Royal Town Planning Institute (2001) holds that CPD is the means by which members of passkey associations maintain, improve and broaden their knowledge and skills and develop their individual(prenominal) qualities required in their professional lives. A ladder for employers of the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology (IMarEST, 2001) states that CPD is the term that describes how employees maintain their competence in the workplace.CPD comprises of updating peculiar(prenominal) areas of competence, developing personal and management skills and broadening experience leading to new opportunities. The ch completelyenges and opportunities of the work experi ence house the central mechanism for maintaining CPD and professional and other organizations should encourage and support their members to maintain their CPD. Here, CPD depose be organized so that it can be carried out al almost automatically. It is a continual process of seening, completing activities, discernment of those activities and review/feedback to the plan.A system that encompasses these four dos must be set up. Many employers have a system in the arm of the Human Resource Department and professionals should be encouraged to include their employers in the CPD process, as deificationly, it should be a partnership that bequeath benefit employee, employer and the bon ton. The annual appraisal interview is the ideal time to plan development targets and assess progress. The details of CPD are very much the property of individuals and genius should non rely on the companys personnel system. If not maintained properly, it may be of no support to an employee if he no longer works for that grumpy company.The planning stage is the most important of the four core aspects of CPD. T here(predicate) should be an analysis of the current job, concentrating on knowledge and skills. Then, the uniform thing should be done for the job/position targeted. Consultation with a mentor at this stage may be helpful. A skills and knowledge gap analysis lead identify appropriate eruditeness anddevelopment activities. Available opportunities and personal constraints, much(prenominal) as money availability, should be taken into account and targets should be high, practical, achievable and challenging, bearing in mind that the plan will change regularly. (Porter 1998).Relevant information such as skilful subjects, foreseeable public life opportunities and in house or external development courses should be gathered. An outline plan stating objectives, priorities, target dates and appropriate activities must as well as be highly-developed. If suitable, the plan should be concur with interested parties such as colleagues, employer, and mentor or development specialist. The outline plan should be developed into a structure detailed plan to include such information as targets concord resourced, agreed support, agreed control and responsibility.To meet development need and to achieve targets, a wide oscilloscope of activities may be chosen and support of the employer may sought. Activities may be formal and structured, for example, as in courses, exceed acquire, conferences, presentations or research. The advantage of formal activities is that they will often offer tangible evidence that can be incorporated into a record of CPD, the disadvantage being that the employee may feel well-nigh of the cost, especially in the cases of external courses. CPD will be a combination of this formal structure as well as less structured activities such as work experience, assignments, on the job development or mentoring. Advantages derived here are t he unexpected challenges and the professional contact leading to better learning. Successful development usually requires that learning activities be matched with practical applications.An important outcome of activities is the compilation of a detailed record of activities undertaken, which should show what activities have actually occurred and with what consequence. A suitable log/record book should include certificates of attendance at events, training syllabuses, completion certificates, performance appraisals as well as a personal development record.The review against the CPD plan must be measured in terms of new/improveslevels of competence. Some useful questions to ask at this stage include What added value was gained from this activity? What can I do now, do better, that I could not do before? How do I plan to use my new abilities? Am I make progress towards achieving my learning objectives? What lessons have I learned and what should I do next?As tell previously, CPD is a continuous process of planning, completing activities, assessment of those activities and review/feedback. Having completed the review and feedback stage, the plan must now be amended to start the process again. The benefit derived here is the regular updating of achievements, which will act as a useful historical record and a powerful document when in discussion with a current or potential employer.In terms of CPD, professional associations are specially helpful in conducting a skills audit gap analysis, determining the knowledge and skills required for a particular job, setting development objectives and assessing learning experience. They also aid in deciding the next necessary locomote and may offer encouragement and provide motivation to persist with a CPD activity, as well as suggesting other CPD activities.Advantages and disadvantages may arise from choosing professional associations from within and external to an organization. Benefits may include a structured plan bein g presented, mindful of deviations and credible certification. A downside from an internal association may be the training to a specific and specialized field, as in the case of Information Technology, thereby limiting employees.The advantages and disadvantages of CPD in relation to professional associations, employees and employers may best be shown by how CPD obligations affect those particular groups.CPD is important to employers because it involves the competence and efficiency of the workforce. Professionals aged under 30 ranked biography development opportunities higher than salary, while those over 30 still place it high on their demands. (IMarEST 2001). Today, technology ischanging at such a rapid rate that individuals must keep up to date in order to remain belligerent and employable, and, businesses must invest in their workforce in order to remain competitive and profitable. The crucial purpose played by people in a company is now widely recognized and now many firms a re becoming involved with initiatives such as Investors in People.The employee who maintains his competence through CPD will be a highly valued member of the workforce, giving assurance to the truism that the enthronization in people appreciates, whilst investment in equipment depreciates. (IMarEST 2001). This investment by employers may be double edged, as people in the U K change their employers every 4.5 years on average, either voluntarily or compulsory, for example as a result of redundancy. Thus, one employer after investing in an employees CPD may find that he has prepared his employee for another employer.Investment in employee development provides a benefit to the company which result in bottom line profit. Even in the short run, payback can importantly exceed the outlay because when employees understand the processes they are working with, and appreciate the business objectives that they are working towards, their productiveness and creativity improve. Individuals also gain greater job satisfaction which lead to a greater consignment to the companys performance and therefore a lower rate of staff turnover, an advantage to employers.Employees should be encouraged to take a proactive role in deciding what training and development activities they should undertake, whilst employers should be helping and guiding such decisions to ensure that corporate goals are met. Individuals have a responsibility to themselves and their employers to take care what might be required in the future and to prepare themselves to be filly when opportunities occur and when changes are necessary. At the same time, employers have a responsibility to their company and their employees to provide an environment where people can develop the necessary skills and knowledge to take on new responsibilities as the need arises. (Christopher 1998).The days when we did a three to four year course and thought wed beentrained for life have gone. Evolving technology, scurrying rate of product development and the need for employees to work across several disciplines, require everyone to be conscious(predicate) of the need to regularly update their skills. CPD offers a well recognized mechanism for all to update their technical competence, communication and management skills, and an appreciation of the commercial aspect of their industry. CPD will allow a person to mo opportunities and exploit new ideas effectively.From the point of view of not performing CPD, we can highlight some congenital disadvantages to all concerned parties. Clients are becoming more involved with their investments in terms of scrutiny. Vocal groups of shareholders may be ready to arm themselves with litigation, lobbying powers and letters whenever they feel professional standards may have slipped. CPD will be the proof of continued development and reviewing of professional standards, reducing an organizations vulnerability to its professionalism being brought into question. powerful ma intained CPD will also have the benefit to review and explore ones career and to discover strengths and weaknesses, holding to the adage to learn now ensures that you earn later. (Evans 1997).Every company need some form of career development program to produce a succession of motivated upward pitiable employees. Even employees who are destined to remain at the same level may need career development as their job change or become obsolete. Employers may invest in the CPD of their employees by some transparent actions. They need to clarify how business objectives may best be met by the investment in employees, and should use opportunities like annual appraisals to discuss individual development. They should listen to employees ideas and encourage them to consider personal goals, and setting realistic expectations, as there will be limited resources of time and money. Employers should persevere in CPD of employees, with regular review progress reports, as it will lead to tangible imp rovements in productivity and in the competitiveness of the business. A mentoring scheme should be established to assist in setting medium and long career goals.The wide ranges of activities that take place, daily, in the workplace provide many of the most important learning skills. People should be given the chance to experience different situations and develop a wide range of skills. In specific instances, formal, off the job training may be required. Employees should be encouraged to read widely to gain an appreciation of the wider issues related to their job. (Beer 1985).The professional development of staff should not be limit just to technical competence but should include the wider issues of environmental protection, health and safety, interpersonal skills, management techniques, and lawful and financial knowledge, where necessary.Employers should actively encourage their employees to attend events organized by local groups of professional institutions and similar applica ble organizations. These meetings offer both technical updating, by means of formal lectures, and the opportunity for discussion with other professional people working in related fields. Encouraging staff to network in this way is a key means of increasing competitiveness.It is of great benefit to employees to have help in reviewing their progress and counsel in choosing which routes to follow. Managers within a company should be aware of the importance of individual development and be able to guide those for whom they are responsible. They should be aware not only of development goals, but also of the different types of training requirements that different people have. (Bernardin and Russel 1993).It is strongly recommended that, where possible, a fellow professional act as a mentor to facilitate the CPD of employees, as helping individuals improve their performance will improve overall business results. There are no hard and fast rules for the amount of time to be spent on staff development. It is the benefit of an activity to a particular employee rather than the activity itself that is important and all learning opportunities, however informal, should be seized when they arise.